BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN CANCER

This page illustrates the commonly accepted biological markers used to evaluate human breast cancer.

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Slide 180. This wheel of tumor characteristics is used to prognosticate individual patients' chances of recurrence. Commonly, cases with poor prognostic signs will receive chemotherapy preventively.
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"Garden variety"(NOS) invasive ductal = poorer prognosis. 
Presence of lymph node metastasis = poorer prognosis. 
> 2cm in diameter tumor = poorer prognosis. 
High score on ELSTON grading = poorer prognosis. 
Aneuploidy = poorer prognosis.
Lack of estrogen & progesterone receptors = poorer prognosis. 
High proliferation index = poorer prognosis. 
HER/NEU oncogene amplification = poorer prognosis. 
Mutation of P53 tumor suppressor gene = poorer prognosis. 
Positive for Epidermal Growth Factor = poorer prognosis.
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Slide 178. Flow cytometry is used to measure DNA content. This is a diploid cell population.
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Slide 179. This breast cancer is aneuploid .

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Slide 181. This invasive cribriform carcinoma is positive for ESTROGEN RECEPTORS (ER) by immunohistochemistry. Photographed at 25x magnification
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Slide 182. This ER positive invasive breast cancer is moderately well differentiated. Photographed at 63x magnification
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Slide 183. The ER positive cancer cells are readily seen in this lymphnode. Photographed at 25x magnification
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Slid 184. The brown nuclei are in the secretory DNA phase when stained with Ki-67. Few cells are undergoing replication in this moderately well differentiated cancer. Photographed at 63x magnification
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Slide 185. This poorly differentiated breast cancer has many Ki-67-positive cells. Note the positive staining of mitotic figures as well. Photographed at 63x magnification
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Slide 186. Few mutations of P53 suppressor protein are noted in this moderately well differentiated breast cancer. Photographed at 63x magnification
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Slide 187. This poorly differentiated breast cancer is very positive for P53 mutation. Photographed at 63x magnification
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Slide 188. HER 2 / NEU positivity at the cytoplasmic membranes in this moderately well differentiated breast cancer may signify higher change of recurrence of the cancer after primary therapy. Photographed at 63x magnification
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Slide 189. CD34 a marker for endothelial cells outlines two lymphatic vessels filled with cancer cells. (Arrows) Photographed at 63x magnification
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This chart summarizes Dr. Jensen's ideas about the morphogenesis of human breast cancer.
 

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